08.09.22 Chapter 4: Kyoka wo Morau, Chapter 5: Sasou to Kotowaru

08.09.22 : Daiyokka: Kyoka wo Morau, Daigoka: Sasou to Kotowaru
Chapter 4: To get Permission
Chapter 5: To invite and To decline/to refuse
Suzuki-sensei no jyugyo desu.

GRAMMAR POINT 1: (from Chapter 4: Kyoka wo morau)

不可欠 fukaketsu (na) de aru === fukaketsu desu

Means: It's indispensable. It's essential.

RULE: When reading or writing a formal document/publication (i.e. not this blog), you would use "de aru" instead of "desu".
NOUN/na-adj. + "de aru".
Example with NOUN: Neko de aru.
Example with na-adj: Kirei de aru (no "na" used here).

i-adj. Example: Kawaii (does not take "de aru").

VERB(plain form/dictionary form). Example: Taberu (does not take "de aru").

Exercise 1 on Page 62 was to figure out which was the written and which was spoken. Spoken sentences do not take "de aru".
Numbers 1) and 3) were spoken. You could tell because:
in 1) "kudasai" is a request to someone else.
in 3) "Hajimemashite" is spoken only when meeting someone for the first time.

Here are the Romaji versions of sentences 1) and 3) from Page 62, Excercise 1:
1) Kono kigai wo tsukau toki ni ha jyuu pun ki wo tsukete kudasai. Machigaeru to kiken desu.
ENGLISH: Take care/Be careful to use this machine for 10 minutes at a time. If you make a mistake, it is dangerous.
3) Hajimemashite. Watashi ha chuugoku no Lee desu. Shanhai (Shanghai) kara mairimashita.
ENGLISH: Hello, I'm pleased to meat you. I am China's Lee. I came from Shanghai.

Here are the Romaji changed versions of sentences 2) and 4) from Page 62, Excercise 1:
(We are assuming that we need to write this to put into a formal document)
2) Genzai sekai de motto mo jinkou ga ooi kuni ha chuugoku de aru (from "desu). Tsugi ni Indo, Amerika to tsuzuku (from "tsuzukimasu").
ENGLISH: In the recent world, the country with the highest population is China. Next is India, America and so on.
4) ATC ha, zeihin no nana wari wo kaigai e yushutxu shite iru jidousha me-ka- de aru (from "desu"). Honsha ha Oosaka ni aru (from "arimasu").
ENGLISH: As for ATC, 70 percent of its products are exports to other countries' automotive manufacturers. The head office is in Osaka.

NOTE: 7割引 == 70 percent off, 3割引 == 30 percent discount

??? Then we had the following Example sentences that I now can't understand or put into context --- HELP!!! Tasukete Kudasai!!!
Watashi ni ikasete hoshii.
Mark-san ni itte hoshii.

What does the above mean? Need translation PLEASE>

GRAMMAR POINT 2: (from Chapter 5) A SENTENCE STRUCTURE TO INVITE S/O OUT
When inviting someone to something verbally, there are various levels of politeness forms:

casual: "Isshoni V(volitional)". E.g. Isshoni ikou! Let's go!
teinei: "Isshoni V(te) itadakenai deshou ka?". E.g. Isshoni itte itadakenai deshou ka? Won't you give me the pleasure of going with me?
neutral: "Isshoni V(masen) ka?" E.g. Isshoni ikimasen ka? Won't you go with me?

GRAMMAR POINT 3: Tashika, "tashika ni" ha "zettai" tte iu imi deshita ne?
POINT: The diff between "tashika NI" and just plain old "tashika"

tashika NI === zettai === for certain; absolutely sure
tashika === "If I remember correctly..."; must be used with a V(past form).

VERB: 空く aite iru (to have free time; to be open/available/vacant)
E.g. Aiteru === Are you free?
Aite nai === Aren't you free?

VERB: 楽しむ TANOSHIMU (to enjoy, to have fun)
Volitional Plain: Tanoshimashou!!
Volitional Polite: Tanoshimou!!

GRAMMAR POINT 4: 終助詞 SHUUJOSHI (Grammar particle that ends a sentence)
Teinei (polite) sentence ending particles. These must be used with "desu", or a "-masu" form VERB: (Where Person A is speaking to Person B, who is listening).

a) yo! ===> used for exclamation/confirm. A knows s/th but B does not yet know this info.
b) ne! ===> used to confirm. Both A and B knows the info, i.e. for "shared info"
c) yo ne! ===> A wants a confirmation from listener B.

Futsuu (plain) spoken sentence ending particles. These ones are used with plain form VERBS:

d) naa ===> To emphasize "I truly feel".
e) kana ===> Means "I wonder..."

In d) and e) above, the speaker may be thinking aloud to himself/herself.